//! Gaussian Processes
//!
//! Provides implementation of gaussian process regression.
//!
//! # Usage
//!
//! ```
//! use rusty_machine::learning::gp;
//! use rusty_machine::learning::SupModel;
//! use rusty_machine::linalg::Matrix;
//! use rusty_machine::linalg::Vector;
//!
//! let mut gaussp = gp::GaussianProcess::default();
//! gaussp.noise = 10f64;
//!
//! let train_data = Matrix::new(10,1,vec![0.,1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,7.,8.,9.]);
//! let target = Vector::new(vec![0.,1.,2.,3.,4.,4.,3.,2.,1.,0.]);
//!
//! gaussp.train(&train_data, &target).unwrap();
//!
//! let test_data = Matrix::new(5,1,vec![2.3,4.4,5.1,6.2,7.1]);
//!
//! let outputs = gaussp.predict(&test_data).unwrap();
//! ```
//! Alternatively one could use `gaussp.get_posterior()` which would return both
//! the predictive mean and covariance. However, this is likely to change in
//! a future release.

use learning::toolkit::kernel::{Kernel, SquaredExp};
use linalg::{Matrix, BaseMatrix};
use linalg::Vector;
use learning::{LearningResult, SupModel};
use learning::error::{Error, ErrorKind};


/// Trait for GP mean functions.
pub trait MeanFunc {
    /// Compute the mean function applied elementwise to a matrix.
    fn func(&self, x: Matrix<f64>) -> Vector<f64>;
}

/// Constant mean function
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct ConstMean {
    a: f64,
}

/// Constructs the zero function.
impl Default for ConstMean {
    fn default() -> ConstMean {
        ConstMean { a: 0f64 }
    }
}

impl MeanFunc for ConstMean {
    fn func(&self, x: Matrix<f64>) -> Vector<f64> {
        Vector::zeros(x.rows()) + self.a
    }
}

/// Gaussian Process struct
///
/// Gaussian process with generic kernel and deterministic mean function.
/// Can be used for gaussian process regression with noise.
/// Currently does not support classification.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct GaussianProcess<T: Kernel, U: MeanFunc> {
    ker: T,
    mean: U,
    /// The observation noise of the GP.
    pub noise: f64,
    alpha: Option<Vector<f64>>,
    train_mat: Option<Matrix<f64>>,
    train_data: Option<Matrix<f64>>,
}

/// Construct a default Gaussian Process
///
/// The defaults are:
///
/// - Squared Exponential kernel.
/// - Zero-mean function.
/// - Zero noise.
///
/// Note that zero noise can often lead to numerical instability.
/// A small value for the noise may be a better alternative.
impl Default for GaussianProcess<SquaredExp, ConstMean> {
    fn default() -> GaussianProcess<SquaredExp, ConstMean> {
        GaussianProcess {
            ker: SquaredExp::default(),
            mean: ConstMean::default(),
            noise: 0f64,
            train_mat: None,
            train_data: None,
            alpha: None,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Kernel, U: MeanFunc> GaussianProcess<T, U> {
    /// Construct a new Gaussian Process.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use rusty_machine::learning::gp;
    /// use rusty_machine::learning::toolkit::kernel;
    ///
    /// let ker = kernel::SquaredExp::default();
    /// let mean = gp::ConstMean::default();
    /// let gaussp = gp::GaussianProcess::new(ker, mean, 1e-3f64);
    /// ```
    pub fn new(ker: T, mean: U, noise: f64) -> GaussianProcess<T, U> {
        GaussianProcess {
            ker: ker,
            mean: mean,
            noise: noise,
            train_mat: None,
            train_data: None,
            alpha: None,
        }
    }

    /// Construct a kernel matrix
    fn ker_mat(&self, m1: &Matrix<f64>, m2: &Matrix<f64>) -> LearningResult<Matrix<f64>> {
        if m1.cols() != m2.cols() {
            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidState,
                           "Inputs to kernel matrices have different column counts."))
        } else {
            let dim1 = m1.rows();
            let dim2 = m2.rows();

            let mut ker_data = Vec::with_capacity(dim1 * dim2);
            ker_data.extend(m1.iter_rows().flat_map(|row1| {
                m2.iter_rows()
                    .map(move |row2| self.ker.kernel(row1, row2))
            }));

            Ok(Matrix::new(dim1, dim2, ker_data))
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Kernel, U: MeanFunc> SupModel<Matrix<f64>, Vector<f64>> for GaussianProcess<T, U> {
    /// Predict output from inputs.
    fn predict(&self, inputs: &Matrix<f64>) -> LearningResult<Vector<f64>> {

        // Messy referencing for succint syntax
        if let (&Some(ref alpha), &Some(ref t_data)) = (&self.alpha, &self.train_data) {
            let mean = self.mean.func(inputs.clone());
            let post_mean = try!(self.ker_mat(inputs, t_data)) * alpha;
            Ok(mean + post_mean)
        } else {
            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::UntrainedModel, "The model has not been trained."))
        }
    }

    /// Train the model using data and outputs.
    fn train(&mut self, inputs: &Matrix<f64>, targets: &Vector<f64>) -> LearningResult<()> {
        let noise_mat = Matrix::identity(inputs.rows()) * self.noise;

        let ker_mat = self.ker_mat(inputs, inputs).unwrap();

        let train_mat = try!((ker_mat + noise_mat).cholesky().map_err(|_| {
            Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidState,
                       "Could not compute Cholesky decomposition.")
        }));

        let x = train_mat.solve_l_triangular(targets - self.mean.func(inputs.clone())).unwrap();
        let alpha = train_mat.transpose().solve_u_triangular(x).unwrap();

        self.train_mat = Some(train_mat);
        self.train_data = Some(inputs.clone());
        self.alpha = Some(alpha);

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl<T: Kernel, U: MeanFunc> GaussianProcess<T, U> {
    /// Compute the posterior distribution [UNSTABLE]
    ///
    /// Requires the model to be trained first.
    ///
    /// Outputs the posterior mean and covariance matrix.
    pub fn get_posterior(&self,
                         inputs: &Matrix<f64>)
                         -> LearningResult<(Vector<f64>, Matrix<f64>)> {
        if let (&Some(ref t_mat), &Some(ref alpha), &Some(ref t_data)) = (&self.train_mat,
                                                                          &self.alpha,
                                                                          &self.train_data) {
            let mean = self.mean.func(inputs.clone());

            let post_mean = mean + try!(self.ker_mat(inputs, t_data)) * alpha;

            let test_mat = try!(self.ker_mat(inputs, t_data));
            let mut var_data = Vec::with_capacity(inputs.rows() * inputs.cols());
            for row in test_mat.iter_rows() {
                let test_point = Vector::new(row.to_vec());
                var_data.append(&mut t_mat.solve_l_triangular(test_point).unwrap().into_vec());
            }

            let v_mat = Matrix::new(test_mat.rows(), test_mat.cols(), var_data);

            let post_var = try!(self.ker_mat(inputs, inputs)) - &v_mat * v_mat.transpose();

            Ok((post_mean, post_var))
        } else {
            Err(Error::new_untrained())
        }
    }
}